超极化¹²⁹Xe磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging, MRI）作为一种新兴的无创、无电离辐射的肺部功能成像技术，可通过吸入超极化¹²⁹Xe气体并结合多种MRI序列，对肺部通气、气体交换及肺泡微结构改变进行可视化定量评估．相较肺功能检查（pulmonary function test, PFT）和计算机断层扫描（computed tomography, CT），其优势在于对传统检查阴性或轻度异常时的小气道病变、气体交换障碍及疾病异质性更敏感．本文综述了超极化¹²⁹Xe MRI测定肺功能的主要方法，并结合PFT、CT等传统检查的特点，阐述其在肺部疾病诊疗流程中的临床应用及临床前进展，为肺部疾病功能成像和精准评估提供新的技术视角．

Hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging, noninvasive, radiation-free pulmonary functional imaging technique. By inhalation of hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe gas and the use of multiple MRI sequences, it enables visualized and quantitative assessment of pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, and alveolar microstructural alterations. Compared with pulmonary function tests (PFT) and computed tomography (CT), its main advantage lies in its greater sensitivity for detecting small airway abnormalities, gas exchange impairment, and disease heterogeneity. The main methods for pulmonary function assessment using hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe MRI are reviewed, and their clinical applications and preclinical advances in lung disease diagnosis and management are discussed in comparison with PFT and CT, offering a new technical perspective for pulmonary functional imaging and precise assessment.