In this paper,a historical review of the Quantum Eletuonics and Laser Physics is given in the context of the physical coneepts originated from the nuclear magnetic resonance which has made great contributions to their development.
The following aspects which play an important role in their development are particularly considered:the dynamica of interaction of atomic systems with radiation in the real sense of "resonance",the importance of the cooperative interaction of atoms in which the phase coherence plays a significant role,the different methods and mechanisms for manipulation of population distribution of atoms including the population invereion,the functions of the resonant circuits and the cavities in the interaction and the emergence and the explanation of the coherent transient phenomena.This paper is devoted to the 50th annivereary of the advent of the nuclear magnetic resonancein condensed matter.

q-space imaging based on pulsed-gradient spin echo method has been applied to study the diffusion of water molecular and structure of fiber cell in the chicken lens.Results show diffraction-like patterns corresponding to the diffusion lengths of water molculsr at 12μm,7.9μm,5.2μm and 3.6μm which may be correlated to the structure of fiber cell in lens.

The recent researeh on the snake venom proteins in Taiwan is described.The solution structures of Cobrotoxin and Cardiotoxin from Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) were deteimned using 2D NMR and dynamical siniulated annealing methods.NMR experiments such as DQF-COSY,TOCSY and NOESY were used to complete the full assignments by sequcnce-specific and main-chain-directed methods.Constraints derived from NMR data were used during the distance-gcometry calculation and refinement stage in X-PLOR.Comparison of their structures indicates that they process the similar backbone conformations with the emergence of three independent loops from the central core (formed by four disulfides) of the inolecules.

There are great achievemants in the biomedical application of magnetic resonance technique in the last decade.In vivo NMR of animals is considered as a new powerful tool for Physiofogy、Biochennstry.Phaimacology and Ncurochenustry researches.It has several advantages:1.Noninvasive,the animal can be tested repcatly without destroying its tissues or cells.2.Several compounds can be daterwncd simultaneously,and no sacrifias.dissections.homogenizations and separations are needed.3.Real time determination can be done contineously under normial physiological conditions.It is good for drug metabolism dynamic researches.4.The NMR parameters can be measured before and after taking drug by same animal,the statistic proass procedures of the data and the least number of the tested animals will be reduced.Therfore,the in vivo NMR technique is a new important tool for drug effect evaluations.especially in brain researehes.

Following the 50-year brilliant evolution of NMR techniques,the outlines of muitidimensional NMR,especially 2D NMR-the core of modern NMR spectrosocpy,are given in this nunireview article.The text falls into three sections.After a brief introduction of the Pulsc Fourier Tramform NMR,the fundainental mechanisms and experimental categories,as well as the extensive applications of 2D NMR are introduced in some detail in the next section.The insights into the design and the usage of the most useful 2D NMR pulse sequences,including COSY types,NOESY (ROESY),heteronuclear chemical shift correlation experiments are described with application examples adopted from our laboratory.Multiple quantum coherences,such as INADEQUATE and HMBC/HMQC are mentioned as well.Finally,foundational experimental methods and categories and enchanting perspectives of 3D/4D NMR in the fields of chemistry,biology and medicine are summarized in the third section.

Various types of structural connectivity information extracted from multidimerisional NMR spectroscopy have been examined.A rigorous,systematic generalized methodology based upon Fuzzy Graph Theory for automated/computer-assisted 3D structure determination and structure ehicidation from NMR has been outlined in this paper.

The aim of different physical chemical methods,both theoretical and experimental,is to correlate and underetand the macroscopic behavior and properties of molecular systems from their microscopic structures and interactions.It is well-known that NMR is one of the best methods to study the molecular conformtion in liquid state.However,molecular modeling is also one of the most effective way to interpret experimental data,forecast future results and understand the site of interaction of complex compounds.Computcr technology causes the two mentioned branches of science join together,giving the NMR results in a more direct and intuitive form of representation.It gives the results more theoretically reliable.In commemoration of the 50th annivereary of discovery of NMR signal in bulk materials,the present paper will covera brief introduction to this interdisciplinary field,including the applications and outlook of force field methods,semiempirical and ab initio quantum chemical calculations,molecular graphics display,NMR J coupling constants and NOE enhancement in the conformational analysis of molecular systems in solution.

NMR is an independent branch of physies,and at the same time can be used as a powerful tool in the research of other subjects of physics.Special requirements for widw-line NMR measurement were briefly introduced.Some applications in the research of the condenced matter,e.g.polymer solution,liquid crystal,inorganic single crystal,and magnetic material were described.

Recent developments of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques in quadrupolar spin systems in solids,as well as their application to the fields of physics and chemistry researches are intorduced in detailed.Among them,brief discussion about some investigation in our laboratory is presented.

For normal organic solids,the heteronuclear dipolar interaction between the directly bonded S and I spins is stronger than the I-I coupling between the SI_n groups and the other protons.As a result,the interactions in the SI_n subsystem dominates the spin dynamics of the cross polarizatinn (CP) process.In the light of this new concept,theoretital studies and technical developments of polarization transfer under magic angle spinning (MAS) have leaped forward.Especially,a variety of new techniques have emerged to enbance the polarization transfer efficiency at high MAS speeds.The common feature of these approacbes is to modulate the phases or amplitudes of the radio frequency irradiations,while keeping the high MAS speeds unchanged.A series of spectral editing methods have been developed,which can generete four subspectra according to the proton multiplidties,i.e.the nonprotonated-C,methine,methylene,and methyl subspectra.This technique has been applied to a set of coal samples,where four types of signals orerlap completely in the normal CPMAS spectrum,and has yielded encouraging results.

Solid State NMR is one of the most important techniques for the investigation of polymeric materials.It gives unique information in interpreting the relation of solid state confomation,morphology and molecular motion to the properties of polymers.In this paper,some interesting developments and future prospects in various fields of solid NMR in polymer science are briefly introduced.

A pulse shape in general terms (as referred to in this article) is just the time dependence of both the phase and the amplitude of a given pulse.There is no pulse without shape (be it only rectangular)-this lecture therefore tries to explain some of the highlights in general pulse patterns and shapes that are used in current NMR experiments,their advantages and limitations.It also tries to explain the interdependences between spectrometer hardware and experimental capabilities with respect to the various pulse patterms and shapes.