波谱学杂志, 2025, 42(2): 195-204 doi: 10.11938/cjmr20243129

综述评论

磁共振成像技术在儿童运动干预研究中的应用

陈群1, 杨子剑1, 程心怡2, 郏思奕2, 杜小霞3, 王梦星,2,*

1.上海理工大学健康科学与工程学院,上海 200093

2.上海健康医学院医学影像学院,上海 200237

3.上海体育大学心理学院,上海 200438

Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology in Pediatric Exercise Intervention Research

CHEN Qun1, YANG Zijian1, CHENG Xinyi2, JIA Siyi2, DU Xiaoxia3, WANG Mengxing,2,*

1. School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China

2. School of Medical Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 200237, China

3. School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China

通讯作者: *Tel: 18817563931, E-mail:wmxing90@163.com.

收稿日期: 2024-08-26   网络出版日期: 2024-12-23

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81901720)

Corresponding authors: *Tel: 18817563931, E-mail:wmxing90@163.com.

Received: 2024-08-26   Online: 2024-12-23

摘要

运动干预作为辅助儿童疾病康复和促进儿童大脑结构功能改善的方法备受关注.磁共振成像技术提供了多种分析方法研究儿童大脑变化,在儿童运动干预研究中得到广泛应用.本文通过分析现有的儿童运动干预研究成果,进一步深入探讨运动干预对儿童大脑的影响、研究中影像技术和干预方法的选择,分析了部分实验差异不明显的原因,并提出了解决建议.本综述总结了磁共振成像技术在儿童运动干预研究中的应用,分析了其重要作用及潜在价值,为后续相关研究提供了有益的参考.

关键词: 磁共振成像; 运动干预; 儿童;

Abstract

Exercise intervention has become increasingly recognized as an effective method in aiding the rehabilitation of pediatric diseases and promoting structural and functional improvements of the pediatric brain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology offers a range of analytical methods to study brain changes in children and is widely applied in pediatric exercise intervention research. In this paper, we summarize the findings and methodologies of the existing pediatric exercise intervention research and discuss the impact of exercise interventions on the pediatric brain. Additionally, we analyze the potential causes for the lack of significant MRI differences in some experiments and propose corresponding solutions. This review highlights the application of MRI technology in pediatric exercise intervention research, underscores its importance and potential value, and provides a reference for future studies in this field.

Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); exercise intervention; children; brain

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本文引用格式

陈群, 杨子剑, 程心怡, 郏思奕, 杜小霞, 王梦星. 磁共振成像技术在儿童运动干预研究中的应用[J]. 波谱学杂志, 2025, 42(2): 195-204 doi:10.11938/cjmr20243129

CHEN Qun, YANG Zijian, CHENG Xinyi, JIA Siyi, DU Xiaoxia, WANG Mengxing. Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology in Pediatric Exercise Intervention Research[J]. Chinese Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 2025, 42(2): 195-204 doi:10.11938/cjmr20243129

引言

运动干预(exercise intervention,EI)在许多儿童疾病的预防和康复中发挥着积极的作用.儿童处于大脑发育的关键期,较成年人更容易受到行为和环境刺激的影响.磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术常用于研究运动干预中受试者大脑结构或功能的变化,其是通过测量人体组织中氢原子在强磁场和射频脉冲作用下产生的信号而生成图像的医学影像技术,具有高对比度、高分辨率、无电离辐射和非侵入性等优势.

本文系统总结了MRI技术在儿童运动干预研究中的应用,涵盖多种MRI模态及其研究进展.结构磁共振成像(structural magnetic resonance imaging,sMRI)主要聚焦运动干预对脑灰质体积、密度和皮层厚度的影响,总结了引起这些变化的可能机制.扩散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)着重分析白质纤维束的完整性和连通性变化,探讨水分子扩散特性的变化及其与神经可塑性的关系.静息态和任务态功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)关注运动干预对脑功能连接及大脑激活模式的影响,探讨功能改变与认知和执行功能的关联.磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)涉及运动干预对脑代谢物变化的研究,揭示其与认知功能改善的潜在机制.多模态磁共振技术则整合不同模态的优势,从多维度评估脑结构与功能的改善.现阶段儿童运动干预的系统综述大多只针对单一病症,例如注意力缺陷多动障碍和发展性协调障碍[1,2].目前也有部分综述探讨儿童体育活动与脑结构、认知能力或肥胖等因素之间的关系[3,4].集中关注神经影像方法的儿童运动干预系统性综述尚较有限.本综述旨在通过总结不同MRI技术在儿童运动干预研究领域的应用,对比不同成像方法的特点,为儿童运动干预的神经影像学研究提供有益的参考.

1 MRI技术在儿童运动干预中的应用

1.1 sMRI

sMRI通常包括T1加权成像、T2加权成像、液体衰减反转恢复序列成像(FLAIR)等,儿童运动干预的脑结构研究主要采用三维容积高空间分辨率T1加权图像,常用于研究灰质体积与密度、皮层厚度等变化.主要采用的方法有基于体素的形态学分析和基于皮层的形态学分析,可用于探索儿童运动干预前后的局部脑区灰质体积或密度,以及皮质厚度、表面积和褶皱度等指标,基于形变的形态学分析可以比较个体或群体间的形变场来评估组织体积的变化.Chen等人[5]发现有氧运动干预可以使聋哑儿童执行功能得到改善,右侧小脑前部的灰质体积减小.有研究表明有氧干预可以增加脑瘤儿童皮质厚度,并使用了基于形变的形态学分析方法,发现患儿右侧运动和躯体感觉皮层下白质体积增加[6].但Bunketorp等人[7]发现儿童在校内外体育活动后海马体体积无明显变化,他们认为这可能是干预措施不够有效导致的.

sMRI表明有氧运动干预会引起儿童大脑灰质体积的变化.灰质的主要构成部分为神经元,合适的运动会刺激运动相关的神经,使得经常被用到的神经连接被巩固,而无用的神经连接被退化淘汰,从而引起部分脑区灰质体积增加或减少[8].部分实验[6]报道了运动干预后白质的体积变化,这被认为是干预导致皮层区域神经活动的增加,诱发活动依赖性髓鞘的形成和轴突的萌发,进而导致白质体积的增加.

1.2 DTI

DTI是扩散加权成像的衍生技术,通过评估水分子在组织中扩散的各向异性和程度,间接推断生物组织的微结构完整性[9].DTI常见的指标有分数各向异性(FA),数值越大表示各向异性越高;平均扩散率(MD)可表征水分子的平均扩散程度,还有径向扩散率(RD)、轴向扩散率(AD),分别刻画水分子沿神经纤维方向和垂直于神经纤维方向的扩散程度.研究表明,有氧运动会使超重儿童额颞白质的FA增加、RD减少[10],指导性运动疗法和下肢选择性动作控制干预可以显著改善脑瘫患儿皮质脊髓束的通路连接[11]. Cai等人[12]的研究指出,小篮球运动干预对学龄前孤独症儿童的社交障碍和白质完整性均有积极改善作用. 横断面研究发现儿童总体体育活动水平与皮质脊髓束、上纵束和下纵束等的FA呈正相关[13],儿童的有氧运动能力与胼胝体、放射冠等白质纤维束FA指标正相关[14,15].

FA的增加可能与髓鞘改善和干预引导的神经可塑性有关.运动干预时,良好的外部环境可以刺激并促进神经细胞的生发、突触的联系和修剪,优化神经网络的连接,进而实现儿童生活技能与运动能力等的改善[12].

1.3 静息态fMRI

基于血氧水平依赖信号的fMRI通过探测局部血氧浓度,可以反映静息状态和特定任务状态下的功能活动[16].基于静息态fMRI可进一步构建大脑的功能连接和功能网络,并映射受试者的认知功能和执行功能.针对学龄前孤独症谱系障碍儿童的干预实验研究发现,12周的小篮球干预可以改善孤独症儿童的重复刻板行为和社交沟通能力,有效改善执行功能,重塑脑功能网络特征,引发静息状态下相关脑区功能局部一致性改变,并推动大脑向正常的神经解剖学变化[17-21].有氧运动干预能促进聋哑儿童执行控制网络的功能连接变化,改善聋哑儿童执行功能表现,短时中等强度有氧运动可以增加儿童静息状态下的脑功能局部一致性,提高执行功能[22,23].Meijer等人[24]采用横断研究表明,健康儿童的大运动技能与神经认知功能有较强关联.

运动干预会影响儿童的神经营养因子、神经内分泌等,并引起脑功能网络的重组或优化,进而改善认知与执行功能[18].儿童时期的脑功能连接较为分散和局部,发育过程中逐渐转化为高度集中的长距离连接,同时脑皮层与皮层下的脑区连接减弱,说明脑皮层下脑区对脑皮层的影响减弱[22].运动干预后,受试儿童的脑功能连接也会出现变化,受试儿童局部一致性的增加与脑网络成熟和脑功能改善相关[23].运动干预有助于静息态下脑网络的多个脑区协同作用增强,同时减少异常的过度连接,使儿童大脑网络活性和脑功能激活模式发生变化,并趋于“正常化”[18,21].

1.4 任务态fMRI

任务态fMRI需要受试者执行特定的认知、感知或运动任务,激活与任务相关的特定脑区,从而揭示相关区域的活动与功能连接.Jin等人[25]对聋哑儿童进行11周的中等强度组合方案干预,扫描中完成工作记忆任务,发现工作记忆脑激活模式有积极变化,记忆能力提高.Chen等人[26]使用n-back任务,发现急性有氧运动提高了儿童双侧顶叶下沟、左侧顶叶内侧沟、左侧海马体和双侧小脑工作记忆脑激活模式. De Bruijn等人[27]对儿童进行有氧运动与认知负荷较高的运动干预,扫描中完成按钮响应任务,发现改善了儿童的认知表现,但对大脑激活没有显著影响,他们认为可能需要选择其他任务作为评估指标,并考虑受试者的个体差异与干预方式.

特定任务的运动干预可以促进新的神经元生长,并影响某些脑区的激活程度,受试儿童在扫描时完成特定的任务,会激活与任务相关的脑区,以评估运动干预对受试儿童的影响[25,26].此外,任务范式的设计需要合理,不合适的设计可能会导致观察不到特定脑网络的差异[27],所以任务态fMRI需要很强的先验假设,并选择合适的、可以检测出该异常功能的任务类型.

1.5 多模态MRI

在研究中使用多种MRI方法可以得到更加全面、准确的信息,从多维度分析儿童的大脑改变.有课题组对聋哑儿童进行研究,通过基于体素的形态学分析(voxel-based morphometry,VBM)和静息态fMRI方法,发现有氧干预后患儿灰质体积增加,相关脑区功能连接重组,执行控制得到改善[28];通过VBM和任务态fMRI,发现中等强度组合方案可以有效改善患儿执行功能的行为表现,增强脑结构和功能的可塑性变化,以及增强脑结构和功能协变网络的小世界属性[29];通过静息态和任务态fMRI,发现课外运动项目干预后,患儿左侧海马与其他脑区功能连接增强,改善工作记忆表现[30].Tian等人[31]研究对有手部抓握运动训练的健康儿童进行了静息态和任务态fMRI的分析,发现有训练经历的儿童在任务中的脑区激活程度更强,激活区域更广.但Meijer等人[32]使用了DTI和静息态fMRI的方法,发现14周的有氧运动与认知负荷较高的运动干预对健康儿童白质指标与神经认知功能无显著改变,Ortega等人[33]使用VBM和静息态fMRI进行分析,发现超重或肥胖儿童进行了运动课程后脑结构无显著影响.

运动干预产生的改善效应是脑的机能,是脑对运动干预的适应,是脑结构可塑性变化和脑功能可塑性变化的结果[28].单个MRI技术得到的信息都是较为局限和单一的,例如灰白质体积、局部一致性、功能连接和脑激活模式等,为了得到更完整可信的结果,可以使用多模态方法,多种成像方法可以互相补充,从不同角度揭示并印证运动干预对儿童大脑结构或功能的改善.

1.6 MRS

MRS是一种基于磁共振原理的非侵入性技术,通过分析核自旋的共振频率变化,获得特定代谢物的波谱信息,反映组织的生化和代谢状态[34,35].儿童运动干预研究常通过1H-MRS分析,探讨运动干预前后儿童脑代谢的变化特点.

适量运动可以对神经系统与神经细胞产生积极影响,长期有氧运动可以改善脑源性神经营养因子及其受体在脑内的表达与利用,进而改善神经元形态结构[36].Guo和Sun等人[37,38]的研究对肥胖儿童实行了饮食控制、有氧运动、健康教育及心理疏导的综合干预措施,发现儿童额叶代谢功能在干预后均得到提高,认知功能得到提高.肥胖儿童额叶的N-乙酰天门冬氨酸、胆碱、肌酸等水平较低,肥胖可能通过影响外围器官与中枢神经系统之间的神经信息交流模式对代谢产生影响,运动干预改善了这一情况,从而实现其认知功能的改善[37,38].

不同影像学检查方法在儿童运动干预中的具体应用结果,已在表1中进行了汇总,展示了各类MRI技术对儿童大脑结构与功能影响的不同发现,为本文所述的技术应用提供了信息补充.

表1   不同检查方法在儿童运动干预实验中的结果

Table 1  Results of different examination methods in pediatric exercise intervention experiments

文献检查技术干预方法干预时间实验对象年龄/岁干预结果
[5]sMRI中等强度组合方案11周聋哑儿童11.01±0.64右侧小脑前部灰质体积减小
[6]
sMRI
团体有氧运动
12周
脑瘤儿童
11.19±2.98
皮质厚度和右侧运动和躯体感觉皮层下白质体积增加
[7]sMRI校内外体育活动4年健康儿童10.1±2.1海马体体积无明显变化
[10]DTI有氧运动8个月超重儿童9.9±0.6额颞白质FA增加,RD减少
[11]DTI下肢选择性动作
控制
1个月早产脑瘫
儿童
11.5±2.8运动相关的白质区域RD和MD显著降低
[12]DTI小篮球运动12周孤独症儿童5.13±0.61白质完整性得到改善
[13]
DTI
调查体育活动水平*
/
健康儿童
9.71±0.28
皮质脊髓束、上纵束和下纵束等表现出更大的FA
[14]DTI测量有氧运动能力*/健康儿童9.9±0.6胼胝体、放射冠、上级纵束表现出更大的FA
[15]
DTI
测量有氧运动能力*
/
健康儿童
14.3±0.9
胼胝体、双侧上放射冠为主的白质纤维束表现出更大的FA
[17]
静息态fMRI
小篮球运动
12周
孤独症儿童
6.40±2.07
感觉运动网络功能连接减少,左颞下回和左尾状核为中心的两个子网络形态连通性降低
[18]静息态fMRI小篮球运动12周孤独症儿童5.07±0.59改善执行控制网络功能连接
[19]静息态fMRI小篮球运动12周孤独症儿童5.13±0.64重塑脑功能网络特征
[20]静息态fMRI小篮球运动12周孤独症儿童5.06±0.63执行功能相关脑区功能局部一致性改变
[21]静息态fMRI小篮球运动12周孤独症儿童5.00改善了默认模式网络的功能连接
[22]静息态fMRI中等强度组合方案11周聋哑儿童11.01±0.64改善执行控制网络功能连接
[23]静息态fMRI中等强度有氧运动短时健康儿童10.00增加了静息状态下脑功能局部一致性
[24]
静息态fMRI
心血管健康和大运动技能*/
健康儿童
9.13±0.62
与更好的神经认知功能相关
[25]任务态fMRI中等强度组合方案14周聋哑儿童10.14±1.03改善了工作记忆的脑激活模式
[26]
任务态fMRI
中等强度有氧急性运动短时
健康儿童
10.00
改善多个脑区工作记忆脑激活模式
[27]任务态fMRI有氧运动14周健康儿童9.22±0.72大脑激活无显著影响
[28]
sMRI+
静息态fMRI
中等强度组合方案
11周
聋哑儿童
11.26±1.24
灰质体积增加,执行控制相关脑区功能连接重组
[29]
sMRI+
任务态fMRI
中等强度组合方案
11周
聋哑儿童
11.26±1.24
增强聋哑儿童脑结构和脑功能协变网络的小世界属性
[30]
静息态MRI+
任务态fMRI
课外运动
11周
聋哑儿童
10.136±1.221
左侧海马与其他脑区功能连接增强
[31]
静息态MRI+
任务态fMRI
有手部抓握训练
经历*
/
健康儿童
12.25±1.87
脑区激活程度更强,激活区域更广
[32]
DTI+
静息态fMRI
有氧运动和认知
运动
14周
健康儿童
9.20±0.68
未发现FA、MD和认知功能的改变
[33]
sMRI+
静息态fMRI
运动课程
10周
超重儿童
10.0±1.1
脑结构以及海马体和前额皮质之间功能连接无显著改变
[37]MRS有氧运动8周超重儿童12.24±1.08位于额叶的感兴趣区脑代谢提高
[38]
MRS
有氧运动
/
超重儿童
12.24±1.08
影响外围器官与中枢神经系统的双向神经信息交流模式,逆转额叶代谢下降

*标注为横断面研究

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


2 讨论

2.1 各种MRI技术结合

在聋哑儿童进行“花样跑步+武术操+花样跳绳”组合的运动干预项目中,研究者利用多种MRI技术检测干预前后的脑结构和功能,发现患儿在干预后的灰质体积、部分脑网络功能连接和任务激活模式等发生显著改变.Chen等人发现,经过运动干预,聋哑儿童中参与执行控制的重要脑区出现灰质体积增加(图1),并且脑区间功能连接减弱(图2[28],表明运动干预能够促进儿童脑的可塑性发展,并验证了脑结构和脑功能之间的密切关联性.该课题组还利用任务态fMRI研究发现,工作记忆相关脑区激活增强(图3[30]. sMRI、静息态fMRI和任务态fMRI三种技术结合,发现聋哑儿童的多个脑区,例如顶上回、额下回、额中回等脑区的形态或功能发生改变,从不同角度证明了运动干预对该人群的核心认知功能具有积极影响.

图1

图1   运动干预所致聋哑儿童灰质体积增加的脑区[28]. PUT.R:右侧壳核;PAL.R:右侧苍白球;SPG.R:右侧顶上回

Fig.1   Brain regions with increased gray matter volume in deaf-mute children due to exercise intervention[28]. PUT.R: right putamen; PAL.R: right pallidum; SPG.R: right superior parietal gyrus


图2

图2   运动干预所致聋哑儿童功能连接减弱的脑区[28]. PreCG.R:右侧中央前回;MTG.L:左侧颞中回;MTG.R:右侧颞中回;ORBinf.L:左侧眶部额下回;A:矢状面;B:轴状面;C:冠状面

Fig. 2   Brain regions with decreased functional connectivity due to exercise intervention[28]. PreCG.R: right precentral gyrus; MTG.L:left middle temporal gyrus; MTG.R: right middle temporal gyrus; ORBinf.L: left orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus; A: sagittal; B: axial; C: coronal


图3

图3   运动干预所致聋哑儿童任务激活程度增加的区域[30]. IFG.L:左额下回;MOG.R:右枕中回;HIP.L:左海马;STG.L:左上级颞回;MFG.L:左额中回;IPL.R:右顶下小叶

Fig. 3   Brain regions with increased activation due to exercise intervention[30]. IFG.L: left inferior frontal gyrus; MOG.R: right middle occipital gyrus; HIP.L: left hippocampus; STG.L: left superior temporal gyrus; MFG.L: left middle frontal gyrus; IPL.R: right inferior parietal lobule


多模态MRI集合了多种MRI技术,有助于多角度关注儿童的大脑变化,更全面地观察运动干预对儿童脑的影响.以往研究中使用不同MRI技术的实验结果存在较大差异,可能是因为不同MRI技术是从不同维度检测运动干预对大脑的影响,也有可能是由于样本之间存在差异.使用多模态MRI分析同一样本的研究中,不同MRI技术各有优势,各模态数据之间具有互补性[28].sMRI具有高分辨率,可以清晰直观地观察大脑结构形态,但无法提供大脑的功能连接信息;fMRI可以反应大脑的活动,但无法清晰观察大脑的解剖学形态.使用多模态MRI方法可以更加全面、准确地评估运动干预对儿童脑的影响,在运动干预中的研究更具优势.

2.2 干预方法的选择

研究者常使用开放式运动对儿童进行干预,开放式运动集合了肢体运动与认知参与,要求受试者在运动过程中不断判断外部变化,根据环境做出动态调整[39],对受试者的认知能力与执行控制有较高要求,例如有氧运动、运动课程和小篮球训练.在开放式运动的实验中,受试儿童通常会获得认知能力、执行功能或工作记忆能力的改善.干预方式需要因人制宜,在实验中需要充分考虑到受试人群的运动能力与对干预刺激的反应程度.例如健康儿童的实验中,可以选择强度较高、时期较长的干预;选择超重儿童作为受试者时,通常选择有氧运动的干预,更易引起大脑结构与功能的改善,超重儿童在有氧运动的干预后,通常会出现额颞叶白质的FA增加、额叶代谢趋于正常的变化;当受试人群为孤独症谱系障碍儿童时,选择互动要求较高的干预方式更为恰当[12];如果实验对象有身体活动的限制,需要根据其运动能力制定合适的干预方式.

以孤独症谱系障碍儿童为例,重复刻板行为是孤独症儿童的核心症状之一,患儿通常表现出交流和社交能力较弱、情绪不稳定、兴趣狭窄、注意力分散和自制力不足的特点,在与他人互动时遇到困难,情绪容易波动,并且在任务执行时容易分心和冲动[20].因此,选择能够提升患儿社交能力与专注力的干预方法尤为重要.Liu[18]和Yang[19]通过小篮球运动的基础技术动作和团队小游戏,针对孤独症儿童的这些特点进行干预,并通过逐步增加动作难度和多样化的训练形式,帮助患儿提高专注力、执行功能与团队协作能力,并在集体游戏中创造愉悦的氛围,改善患儿行为异常,提高其社交能力.研究发现小篮球运动可以改善患儿的刻板行为与社交障碍,并重塑患儿的脑功能网络特征.因此,在研究中应充分考虑实验对象的特点与个体差异,针对性地设计干预方案,从而有效提升实验对象的某项功能,或改善其特定的病理症状.通过MRI技术,可量化地观察并验证运动干预对大脑结构或功能的具体改变,为干预效果提供可靠的客观依据.

2.3 健康与患病儿童研究的差异

健康儿童与患病儿童的运动干预研究中,存在大脑的基础状态、研究目标和干预结果上的差异.患病大脑可能存在特定脑区的结构异常、功能连接障碍或代谢失衡.例如孤独症患儿在心智化任务期间,内侧前额叶皮层激活不足,在处理情绪表达时腹外侧前额叶皮层的激活不足[40].患病儿童的大脑与健康脑的差异导致了研究目标与结果的不同,对于患病的儿童运动干预研究,重点在于通过运动干预减轻病理性症状、促进功能恢复以及重塑受损脑区.Samsir等人[41]对脑瘫儿童进行指导性运动疗法,发现干预提高了中枢运动通路的功能连接,并提高患儿的肌肉控制和运动能力.而对于健康的儿童,研究者们更多关注运动干预对脑的促进作用,例如优化白质纤维束的完整性或增强功能网络,以提高健康儿童在学习能力、工作记忆任务中的表现[13,26].

2.4 实验结果差异不显著的原因分析

部分实验结果[7,27,32,33]没有发现显著差异,这可能是多种原因导致的.首先,干预措施没有持续足够的时间,导致大脑未产生明显变化,有研究认为6周是获得最小程度改善的最短干预时间,更显著的改变需要更长时间和更强的干预[41].其次,实验中需要选择合适的干预措施,不同的干预措施可能对不同的脑功能有影响,可能需要更具针对性的干预才能产生明显的效果.Kong等人[1]的综述提到不同的运动干预方案对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童执行功能的各个子功能及整体的改善具有差异,例如定向运动干预可以改善患儿的转换功能,而长期的、以开放式动作技能为主的中高强度的运动干预可以提高患儿的抑制功能.此外,个体差异也需要考虑,受试儿童的年龄差异和大脑受损程度会影响实验结果,每个个体对于干预措施的响应程度不同,这种个体差异可能导致实验结果在整体上看不到明显的干预效果[27].

4 结论

本文综述了MRI技术在儿童运动干预研究中的应用,总结了各类MRI成像技术在评估运动干预对儿童大脑结构与功能影响中的独特作用.现有研究已初步揭示运动干预能够显著影响儿童脑灰质体积、白质完整性、功能连接性及脑代谢物水平等,进一步阐明了运动干预在改善认知功能、执行功能等方面的潜在机制,为探索运动干预对儿童大脑可塑性变化的机制提供了一定的科学依据.MRI技术在儿童运动干预领域的应用前景广阔,随着成像质量的不断提升和数据分析方法的不断进步,未来的研究有望在更精细的时间和空间尺度上更深入地探讨运动干预对儿童大脑的影响,结合行为学评估与神经认知功能测试,MRI技术有望更加深入地揭示运动干预在儿童神经发育、神经康复及认知功能优化等方面的神经生理机制,为个体化干预方案的制定提供更加精准的神经生物学依据,并推动该领域的理论与实践进一步发展.

利益冲突

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Exercise intervention has been proven helpful to ameliorate core symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we carried out a 12-week mini-basketball training program (MBTP) on ASD children and examined the changes of brain functional and structural networks before and after exercise intervention. We applied individual-based method to construct functional network and structural morphological network, and investigated their alterations following MBTP as well as their associations with the change in core symptom. Structural MRI and resting-state functional MRI data were obtained from 58 ASD children aged 3-12 years (experiment group: n = 32, control group: n = 26). ASD children who received MBTP intervention showed several distinguishable alternations compared to the control without special intervention. These included decreased functional connectivity within the sensorimotor network (SM) and between SM and the salience network, decreased morphological connectivity strength in a cortical-cortical network centered on the left inferior temporal gyrus, and a subcortical-cortical network centered on the left caudate. Particularly, the aforementioned functional and structural changes induced by MBTP were associated with core symptoms of ASD. Our findings suggested that MBTP intervention could be an effective approach to improve core symptoms in ASD children, decrease connectivity in both structure and function networks, and may drive the brain change towards normal-like neuroanatomy.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

刘智妹. 小篮球运动对学龄前孤独症谱系障碍儿童重复刻板行为及执行控制网络功能连接的影响[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2020.

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余韩. 学龄前孤独症谱系障碍儿童社交障碍及其运动干预下默认模式网络重塑的功能磁共振研究[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2022.

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朱丽娜. 有氧运动干预对聋哑儿童执行功能及其脑网络功能连接的影响[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2017.

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陈爱国, 朱丽娜, 王鑫, .

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[J]. Child Dev, 2022, 93(4): e412-e426.

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Recent evidence suggests that cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skill performance are related to neurocognitive functioning by influencing brain structure and functioning. This study investigates the role of resting-state networks (RSNs) in the relation of cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skills with neurocognitive functioning in healthy 8- to 11-year-old children (n = 90, 45 girls, 10% migration background). Cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skills were related to brain activity in RSNs. Furthermore, brain activity in RSNs mediated the relation of both cardiovascular fitness (Frontoparietal network and Somatomotor network) and gross motor skills (Somatomotor network) with neurocognitive functioning. The results indicate that brain functioning may contribute to the relation between both cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skills with neurocognitive functioning.© 2022 The Authors. Child Development published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Research in Child Development.

金柳. “跑步+武术操+花样跳绳” 运动对聋哑儿童工作记忆影响的fMRI研究[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2016.

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吸烟是导致过早发病和死亡的主要风险因素之一.随着磁共振技术的不断进步,磁共振波谱已成为临床诊断的重要手段之一.与磁共振成像的其他模态一样,磁共振波谱具有无创性的优点,能够反映大脑的神经递质及代谢物的浓度变化情况.吸烟是一个全球性的健康问题,近些年已有一些研究利用磁共振波谱观察吸烟对大脑的影响.针对这一广泛关注的社会问题,本文对吸烟人群的磁共振波谱研究进展进行了综述,总结了烟草对大脑代谢的影响.本综述为深入研究烟草依赖的神经生物学机制提供了新的视角,从技术层面为早期诊断、治疗及预防吸烟对大脑的负面影响提供了支持.

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基于自主研制的5 T磁共振成像系统和<sup>13</sup>C代谢磁共振成像研究需求,设计了一种小口径磁共振成像梯度线圈和<sup>1</sup>H/<sup>13</sup>C双共振射频线圈系统.其中梯度线圈设计采用有限差分流函数方法,射频线圈设计为马鞍线圈结合表面线圈的双共振方案.采用有限元方法对磁场分布进行了数值模拟分析,成功研制出一套用于小口径5 T <sup>13</sup>C磁共振成像的梯度与射频线圈,并利用自主研制的5 T磁共振成像系统平台验证了设计方案的可行性,经过实验测试采集到<sup>13</sup>C标记的尿素水模磁共振图像和小鼠头部<sup>1</sup>H磁共振图像,为后续开展基于动态核极化的<sup>13</sup>C磁共振代谢成像奠定了基础.

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The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) regulates metabolic genes in skeletal muscle and contributes to the response of muscle to exercise. Muscle PGC-1α transgenic expression and exercise both increase the expression of thermogenic genes within white adipose. How the PGC-1α-mediated response to exercise in muscle conveys signals to other tissues remains incompletely defined. We employed a metabolomic approach to examine metabolites secreted from myocytes with forced expression of PGC-1α, and identified β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) as a small molecule myokine. BAIBA increases the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes in white adipocytes and β-oxidation in hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo through a PPARα-mediated mechanism, induces a brown adipose-like phenotype in human pluripotent stem cells, and improves glucose homeostasis in mice. In humans, plasma BAIBA concentrations are increased with exercise and inversely associated with metabolic risk factors. BAIBA may thus contribute to exercise-induced protection from metabolic diseases.Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

GUO Y H, CHEN P.

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孙剑, 陈平, 陈烨.

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Social cognitive skills groups increase medial prefrontal cortex activity in children with autism spectrum disorder

[J]. Autism Res, 2021, 14(12): 2495-2511.

DOI:10.1002/aur.2603      PMID:34486810      [本文引用: 1]

Few studies have examined the neural mechanisms of change following social skills interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examined the neural effects of social cognitive skills groups during functional MRI (fMRI) tasks of irony comprehension and eye gaze processing in school-aged children with ASD. Verbally fluent children (ages 8-11) were randomized to social cognitive skills groups or facilitated play comparison groups. Behavioral assessments and fMRI scans were obtained at baseline and endpoint (12 weeks). During fMRI, children completed two separate tasks to engage social cognition circuitry: comprehension of potentially ironic scenarios (n = 34) and viewing emotionally expressive faces with direct or averted gaze (n = 24). Whole-brain analyses were conducted to examine neural changes following treatment. Regression analyses were also conducted to explore the relationship between neural and behavioral changes. When comparing the two groups directly, the social cognitive skills group showed greater increases in activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), implicated in theory of mind, relative to the comparison group for both irony comprehension and gaze processing tasks. Increased mPFC activity during the irony task was associated with improvement in social functioning on the Social Responsiveness Scale across both groups. Findings indicate that social cognitive skills interventions may increase activity in regions associated with social cognition and mentalizing abilities. LAY SUMMARY: Social skills groups are a common intervention for school-aged children with ASD. However, few studies have examined the neural response to social skills groups in school-aged children with ASD. Here, we report on a study evaluating neural outcomes from an empirically supported social cognitive skills training curriculum using fMRI. This study seeks to understand the effects of targeting emotion recognition and theory of mind on the brain circuitry involved in social cognition in verbally fluent children ages 8-11. Results indicate increased neural activity in the mPFC, a region considered to be a central hub of the "social brain," in children randomized to social cognitive skills groups relative to a comparison group that received a high-quality, child-directed play approach. In addition, increased activation in the mPFC during an irony comprehension task was associated with gains in social functioning across both groups from pre- to post-treatment. This is the first fMRI study of social skills treatment outcomes following a randomized trial with an active treatment condition in school-aged children with ASD.© 2021 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

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